Respect for the ‘Rule of Law’ is important to the Philippines as this is what affords protection and equality to smaller and less powerful states. Without this, the world would be in a “might is right” situation where peace and stability would be uncertain which would inevitably hinder growth, development and prosperity of nations and people.

We are guided by our approach of being “friends to everyone and enemies to none” where the Philippines seeks to advance national interest and development through cooperation and alliances with like-minded countries while promoting regional and global peace and stability through diplomatic dialogue and respect for International Law.

We believe that diplomacy is still the best way to resolve issues peacefully.

GDL: The Philippines faces several geopolitical challenges, influenced by its strategic location in Southeast Asia, historical ties and regional dynamics. Can you elaborate more on your government’s approach to this complex geopolitical landscape?

GEP: We are cognisant of the increased complexities brought about by the current global geopolitical dynamics which are having an effect at the regional and international level.

The Philippines, under the administration of President Ferdinand R. Marcos, Jr., pursues an independent foreign policy of “being a friend to all and enemy to none” that advances national interest while promoting peace and building stronger relations with like-minded nations that support and respect a rules-based international order which is based on international laws.

Respect for the ‘Rule of Law’ is important to the Philippines as this is what affords protection and equality to smaller and less powerful states. Without this, the world would be in a “might is right” situation where peace and stability would be uncertain which would inevitably hinder growth, development and prosperity of nations and people.

GDL: Your country is part of ASEAN, which promotes regional cooperation, but lacks a strong enforcement mechanism for territorial disputes. What is the Philippines’ role in Southeast Asia and its ASEAN strategies?

GEP: The ASEAN was established in 1967 with the primary aim and purpose:

(1) to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and (2) to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the Rule of Law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.

ASEAN has worked to promote regional growth and progress in a broad scope, including economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific, educational and administrative fields, through joint collaboration among the member states. It has sought to maintain peace and stability in the region in adherence to International Law, including the United Nations Charter. The Philippines has constantly sought to strengthen the ASEAN through previous chairmanships and other initiatives in the ASEAN that address current developments and make the regional bloc relevant.

In line with promoting regional peace and stability, the Philippines is active in the ASEAN-China Joint Working Group discussions for a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea to effectively and peacefully manage the situation at sea and avoid mishaps, misunderstandings or miscalculation among the parties.

As early as July 1992, the Philippines worked to have the ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea signed by the ASEAN foreign ministers during the 25th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Manila, the Philippines. The Declaration called for a peaceful resolution of disputes, the exercise of restraint by involved parties and cooperation in areas of mutual interest.

GDL: What defence policies and cooperation are you undertaking with allies against security threats, especially strengthening maritime security and piracy?

GEP: The Philippines’ defence policies and cooperation are aimed to protect, secure and ensure our territorial integrity, maritime zones and other entitlements based on, and in accordance with, International Law. The Philippines continues to engage and forge defence agreements with key allies such as the United States and other like-minded states to address ongoing developments in the South China Sea, as well as other challenges pertaining to maritime security and piracy in other areas.

These defence or security arrangements include joint operations, exercises, training, intelligence sharing, military aid and other programmes. These engagements are meant to bolster the Philippines’ defence capability both inland and at sea to ensure the country’s security, as well as to safeguard freedom of navigation, promote the Rule of Law and maintain a rules-based global order amidst the pressures coming from bigger and more powerful countries.

“This year, the Philippines and Greece will celebrate the 75 years of diplomatic relations. This long-standing partnership has been positive and friendly. Both countries maintain close and cooperative ties especially in matters of mutual concern. However, I feel that the full potential for stronger ties has not been realised especially in areas such as trade and investment, maritime cooperation, labour, tourism, as well as cultural cooperation.”

GDL: Are there any foreign policy shifts comparing former President Duterte’s ‘China pivot’ with current President Marcos Jr.’s approach to diplomacy?

GEP: TThe current administration is revitalising its relations with like-minded countries and has expanded its maritime cooperation with several countries like Japan, South Korea, Australia and India. At the same time, our relations with China remain stable and friendly, especially in terms of trade and economy which is robust and growing.

GDL: The 2016 UNCLOS ruling favoured the Philippines, rejecting China’s ‘Nine-Dash Line’ claim, but China continues its aggressive activities, territorial claims and militarisation. How does your government balance diplomatic, military and economic responses while maintaining alliances?

GEP: We are guided by our approach of being “friends to everyone and enemies to none” where the Philippines seeks to advance national interest and development through cooperation and alliances with like-minded countries while promoting regional and global peace and stability through diplomatic dialogue and respect for International Law. We believe that diplomacy is still the best way to resolve issues peacefully. One of the reasons for pursuing the Arbitration under UNCLOS in 2016 was precisely because of our desire to seek a peaceful resolution of the matter.

GDL: How would you prioritise your economic diplomacy with Greece in relation to trade agreements, foreign direct investments and labour migration policies?

GEP: With the successful visit of Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs Enrique A. Manalo in June last year, the Embassy aims to build on this momentum and continue engaging with our counterparts as we seek ways to effectively promote trade and investment including having possible two-way trade missions, participation in various trade and tourism fairs and the signing of various trade agreements. We aim to encourage investments both ways as our countries have good opportunities in many sectors such as maritime, tourism, information technology and many more.

As we celebrate 75 years of diplomatic relations with Greece this year, the Embassy focuses its economic diplomacy activities that will increase two-way trade and investments between the two countries, as well as in ensuring that labour migration policies continue to promote and protect the rights of Filipinos overseas.

Furthermore, with the number of Filipinos in Greece, estimated at around 15,000, the Embassy emphasises the importance of establishing a mechanism, through a Memorandum of Understanding on Migration and Mobility, that will protect the rights of Filipino migrant workers, including seasonal workers.

GDL: Do you believe that the Philippines could gain from the ongoing trade war between the United States and its trading partners by positioning itself as an alternative source of exports to the US?

GEP: The recent economic and trade policies announced by the US have caused uncertainty and already have repercussions in the global economy. In times of uncertainty, there is always opportunity. However, the Philippines will still need to present itself as a viable alternative source of exports not only to the US, but to other countries that would be affected by these new policies.

“The Philippine Embassy is encouraging Philippine companies to view Greece as the gateway to the Balkans and the rest of Europe, just as we are inviting companies to look to the Philippines as a link to Southeast Asia, as well as to the Pacific. By enhancing diplomatic ties, simplifying trade procedures and encouraging educational and cultural exchanges, both countries can unlock the full potential of their bilateral relationship. With both nations committed to fostering a business-friendly environment, the future of their economic cooperation looks promising, paving the way for sustainable growth and shared prosperity.”

GDL: As an archipelago, the Philippines is highly vulnerable to rising sea levels, extreme weather and natural disasters, which also impact national security and food supply. What is your policy toward climate change and environmental concerns?

GEP: The Philippines is highly susceptible to the impact of climate change. The Philippines experiences an average of 10-20 typhoons a year. Recently these have been more severe due the effects of climate change which have resulted in heavy flooding even in areas which were never prone to floods. The impact of climate change on the environment affects many aspects especially in terms of food security and sustainable development.

The Philippines passed the Climate Change Act which established the Climate Change Commission with the aim to mitigate the effects of climate change and continuously strengthen its disaster risk reduction mechanisms. Recently, the Philippine government has allocated €16 billion for climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in the 2025 National Budget. This signifies the importance of enhancing the climate change policies of the Philippines as the amount is nearly double the budget in 2024.

We are aware that climate change is a global issue that will require a global effort to mitigate or overcome this challenge. The Philippines has been actively participating in conferences concerning climate change such as the Conference of Parties (COP) on Climate Change and the Our Oceans Conference. It also successfully lobbied to host the Loss and Damage Fund Secretariat. The Philippines joined other countries in submitting its position before the International Court of Justice which the UN General Assembly had asked for an advisory opinion regarding state responsibility on climate change.

GDL: How would you describe Greece-Philippines bilateral relations?

GEP: This year, the Philippines and Greece will celebrate the 75 years of diplomatic relations. This long-standing partnership has been positive and friendly. Both countries maintain close and cooperative ties especially in matters of mutual concern. However, I feel that the full potential for stronger ties has not been realised especially in areas such as trade and investment, maritime cooperation, labour, tourism, as well as cultural cooperation.

This milestone year prompts the two countries to enhance its bilateral relations, looking at each other’s significance as a partner, but also the two countries’ roles in their respective regions. Greece can be considered as a gateway to the Balkan region and the rest of Europe.

The Philippines, on the other hand, can be a valuable partner as a member of ASEAN, its location in Southeast Asia and the competitiveness of the country’s human resources.

To mark this significant occasion, the Philippine Embassy has adopted the theme “Navigating Together towards a Secure and Sustainable Future” to emphasise our strong bonds and that together we can make and safeguard our destinies that will redound to our mutual benefit and prosperity.

GDL: What is the future potential and opportunities for stronger mutual relations in maritime and shipping cooperation?

GEP: The Philippines and Greece are considered to be maritime nations. Maritime cooperation is a cornerstone of our partnership especially with 50,000 Filipino seafarers on board Greek-owned or managed vessels. This highlights the two countries’ complementary strengths with Greece taking a dominant role as the largest shipping country in the world, and the Philippines as the largest provider of seafarers globally and our growing maritime infrastructure sector.

Considering the extent of our maritime partnership, strengthening maritime cooperation remains an essential part of the Embassy’s economic diplomacy activities. The Embassy continues to engage with shipping companies in Greece to explore possible activities that will help enhance maritime partnership between the two countries. The visit of maritime officials at the Posedonia 2024 was significant as there are now plans to participate in the next Posedonia in 2026.

Last year, the Embassy organised the first Philippine Maritime Forum where key Philippine government officials served as resource speakers. The Forum was attended by major shipping companies that employ a significant number of Filipino seafarers. The Forum also served as an avenue to foster dialogue between the Greek shipowners and the Philippines’ policymakers. Events such as the Philippine Maritime Forum can serve to further strengthen maritime cooperation between the Philippines and Greece, where the two countries can explore future activities including the conclusion of maritime agreements, partnerships in maritime education and seafarer training, possible partnerships or investments in shipbuilding or port development and potential cooperation in new industries such as cruise tourism development.

GDL: With regard to defence and security cooperation both countries have maritime security interests: the Philippines in the South China Sea, particularly the West Philippine Sea, Greece in the Eastern Mediterranean. Are there any proposals for joint training on maritime law enforcement and counter-piracy?

GEP: These proposals would certainly be welcomed. As maritime nations, the Philippines and Greece have mutual interest in pursuing maritime cooperation, especially in security and defence to ensure freedom of navigation and promote the rule of international-based law as both countries face similar maritime security challenges.

Both countries would benefit from learning about each other’s experiences in combatting piracy and transborder crimes. This presents potential opportunities for both the Philippines and Greece to collaborate in defence and maritime security such as innovation, technology and sharing of best practices.

“This milestone year prompts the two countries to enhance its bilateral relations, looking at each other’s significance as a partner, but also the two countries’ roles in their respective regions…

“Considering the extent of our maritime partnership, strengthening maritime cooperation remains an essential part of the Embassy’s economic diplomacy activities.”

GDL: How can both sides encourage trade and investment growth?

GEP: The Philippines and Greece can significantly boost two-way trade and investment by focusing on sectors where both countries have complementary strengths. With 75 years of partnership, enhancing trade and investment in sectors such as maritime, agriculture, renewable energy, infrastructure and technology and innovation can create new opportunities for growth.

Recently negotiations for the EU-Philippines Free Trade Agreement have restarted and the successful conclusion of this agreement would certainly present more opportunities for expanding trade and investment in both countries. The Philippine Embassy is encouraging Philippine companies to view Greece as the gateway to the Balkans and the rest of Europe, just as we are inviting companies to look to the Philippines as a link to Southeast Asia, as well as to the Pacific.

By enhancing diplomatic ties, simplifying trade procedures and encouraging educational and cultural exchanges, both countries can unlock the full potential of their bilateral relationship. With both nations committed to fostering a business-friendly environment, the future of their economic cooperation looks promising, paving the way for sustainable growth and shared prosperity.

GDL: The Embassy of the Philippines in Athens has organised some beautiful cultural events during the past years. Are there any plans to promote Philippine festivals and culture in Greece and Greek heritage sites in the Philippines. What is required to develop tourism and people-to-people exchange?

GEP: The Embassy has endeavoured to showcase Philippine culture through meaningful events. We organised the fashion show entitled ‘Hibla’, which featured intricately crafted and hand-woven textiles from the Philippines and introduced Philippine traditional dances which were performed by the Bayanihan Dance Troupe in Thessaloniki. Incidentally, the dance performance was under the auspices of the Executive Programme of the Memorandum of Agreement between the Philippines and Greece on Cultural Cooperation.

For this year, as part of the celebration of the 75 years of diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Greece, the Embassy will be presenting the Philippine Madrigal Singers (also known as the Madz), a UNESCO-recognised Artist for Peace, to perform in front of a Greek audience, the international community and the Filipino diaspora in Greece. We have also supported the participation of Greek composer Miran Tsalikian, in the concert series in the Philippines.

The Embassy will be participating in Philoxenia, which it has regularly done, to encourage more people-to-people exchange. It will also seek to participate in cultural events in Greece whenever possible and resources are available.

GDL: Mr. Ambassador, you are one of the most active and esteemed diplomats of the Diplomatic Corps in Athens. How do you feel after three and a half years of strengthening personal and professional bonds with locals, colleagues and fellow expatriates. How deep is your connection with the culture, traditions and people of Greece?

GEP: Has it been three and a half years? It just feels like yesterday. Kidding aside, my family and I feel very much at ease since we arrived here as we find the people very welcoming and hospitable. I would say that our cultures are similar which is why it has been very easy to establish relations both on a professional and personal level. I can say that we have made plenty of friends who have been helpful and this has made my work much easier and more enjoyable.

Every day, I am learning more about Greek culture and traditions which are amazing as these are rich, deep-rooted and historical. The fact that the people are accommodating and warm, all the more adds to the wonderful experience that my family and I have had residing in Greece.

Interview by Nicolas Boutsicos
Editor, Greek Diplomatic Life

Gender Disparities in Diplomacy: Challenges
and Progress for Women in International Relations

By Tonka Kostadinova
Visiting Research Associate, ELIAMEP
Marie Sklodowska Curie Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cyprus

“In 2024, only 21% of global ambassadorships were occupied by women, with the highest average number of women ambassadors appointed by liberal democratic states such as Canada, Sweden, Finland, Norway and New Zealand…

“The underrepresentation of women in senior diplomatic roles reflects a persistent glass ceiling in international relations.”

In recent decades, women have made substantial progress in entering the traditionally male-dominated fields of diplomacy and international relations, gaining increased representation and visibility as diplomatic professionals and foreign policy agents. Female diplomats now make up between 40% and 60% of the workforce in many Foreign Services across the globe.

The increasing presence of women in diplomacy has not only diversified the field but also brought new perspectives and approaches to international relations. Many countries, including Canada, France, Germany, Spain, Mexico and New Zealand have adopted a women’s friendly foreign policy with a focus on gender equality and human rights. This approach aims to address longstanding gender disparities in various spheres, including political representation and economic empowerment.

These positive trends notwithstanding, the diplomatic field continues to fall short in achieving a truly equitable and inclusive environment for female diplomats.

Gender equality, even though increasingly prioritised in foreign policy agendas, is far from being achieved at the level of everyday diplomatic practices and foreign policy making.

Women continue to be underrepresented in diplomatic arenas, facing numerous challenges that prevent them from acting effectively as diplomats, such as work-life balance, glass ceiling, and gender-based stereotypes.

These challenges often stem from the institutional characteristics of the environment in which diplomats operate.

Formal and informal institutional barriers continue to affect women’s career trajectories, from recruitment processes to the allocation of policy domains and career advancement opportunities. For example, gendered divisions of labour often send men and women in different directions in diplomacy by assigning women to more “feminine” areas such as multilateral diplomacy, cultural affairs, development and humanitarian aid. These areas, while important, typically carry less visibility and strategic significance within foreign offices compared to the high-status positions that are predominantly held by men. These institutional segregations are rooted in deeply ingrained stereotypes, which associate leadership and power in international relations with masculine traits.

Male diplomats are often perceived as natural embodiments of national strength and authority, better equipped to navigate national interests in the complex terrain of international politics and global diplomacy. Women diplomats, on the other hand, are typically associated with traditionally feminine traits such as empathy and cooperation, which are sometimes viewed as incompatible with the assertiveness and strategic thinking required in high-stakes diplomatic negotiations.

“Gender stereotypes in diplomacy may extend beyond internal biases within domestic foreign services. Some receiving countries, for example, interpret the appointment of a female ambassador as a signal of diminished importance in bilateral relations, reflecting deeply ingrained societal prejudices…

“Advancing women’s empowerment in diplomacy beyond enhanced numerical representation thus requires a comprehensive approach that includes policy reforms, cultural shifts within diplomatic institutions and increased awareness of gender biases in the field of international relations.”

Gendered expectations of leadership styles influence not the allocation of diplomatic portfolios, but also the representation patterns in positions of influence and power. While women are comparatively well-represented in entry and mid-level positions, they remain underrepresented in senior leadership roles, such as ambassadorships and ministerial positions, as evidenced by the 2024 Women in Diplomacy Global Index.

In 2024, only 21% of global ambassadorships were occupied by women, with the highest average number of women ambassadors appointed by liberal democratic states such as Canada, Sweden, Finland, Norway and New Zealand.

Even among countries that have explicitly committed to advancing women’s rights in foreign affairs and adopted National Action Plans for the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda, the average percentage of women ambassadors is only 23%, marginally higher than the global average. This data reveals a stark contrast between the growing international commitments to promote gender equality and the actual representation of women at the highest echelons of diplomacy.

The underrepresentation of women in senior diplomatic roles reflects a persistent glass ceiling in international relations. Moreover, gender patterns are present even when women do reach the ambassador level. Existing research has shown that there is a global trend of male ambassadors occupying positions of higher political, economic, and military status more often than women. In most of the diplomatic services across the globe, female ambassador appointments to G7 or BRICS capitals remain below the threshold of tokenism.

The most coveted and strategically significant postings, typically to capitals like Washington, Moscow, London, Beijing, Paris, Berlin and Rome remain largely inaccessible to women.

Furthermore, gender stereotypes in diplomacy may extend beyond internal biases within domestic foreign services. Some receiving countries, for example, interpret the appointment of a female ambassador as a signal of diminished importance in bilateral relations, reflecting deeply ingrained societal prejudices.

The implications of such stereotypes are far-reaching, affecting not only individual careers, but also the efficacy of diplomatic missions and international cooperation.

When female ambassadors are perceived as less influential or important, it can hinder their ability to negotiate effectively, build strong relationships with host country officials, and represent their nation’s interests.

This “devaluation” of women in diplomacy can lead to missed opportunities for collaboration, reduced diplomatic influence, and a narrower perspective in global decision-making processes.

Addressing these stereotypes requires concerted efforts from both sending and receiving countries to recognise and value the contributions of diplomats regardless of class, race, and gender, thereby enhancing the overall quality and effectiveness of international diplomacy.

Advancing women’s empowerment in diplomacy beyond enhanced numerical representation thus requires a comprehensive approach that includes policy reforms, cultural shifts within diplomatic institutions and increased awareness of gender biases in the field of international relations.

Institutional measures may involve establishing clear benchmarks for gender representation at all levels of diplomatic service, gender sensitivity training for all diplomatic personnel, mentorship programmes to support women’s career progression, and the promotion of work-life balance policies that accommodate the needs of both men and women.

Only by addressing these issues through a comprehensive approach, national foreign services can work towards closing the gap between aspirational gender equality policies and their effective implementation in everyday diplomatic practices and foreign policy making.

The lack of direct flight connections between Greece and Kosovo (there are flights via Istanbul or Vienna) has not helped us get to know our neighbors. And if Kosovars love and visit Greece for most of us, even though 25 years have passed since the end of the Kosovo war, it remains a poor and degraded corner of the Balkans. How true is this?

Prishtina: The country’s modern identity

So, what is it like to travel to this unknown country? The answer is: completely different from what you would expect, starting from the capital. Prishtina is a modern, safe, clean and completely Western-style city. Its main disadvantage is the constant traffic jams on the roads. Here and there, among the unfamiliar street names, one catches the eye of some more well-known ones, such as George Bush Street, Bill Clinton Avenue, Garibaldi Street and Tirana Street, which expresses the good diplomatic relations between Kosovo and the US, Italy and of course Albania.

The oldest building in Pristina is the Çarshi Mosque (Stone Mosque), founded in 1389 and today a landmark of the old city. The most unique building is the one that houses the National Library, with 99 small and large domes. The oldest object in the city is the “Goddess in the Front”, a Neolithic terracotta statue, dated 5700-4500 BC, discovered in Pristina and exhibited in the National Museum. And the most delicious food we tried was thick red paça boiled with garlic, in a restaurant with closed doors and customers smoking.

In the south of the country, in the three-ethnic region of Kosovo-Albania-North Macedonia, lies the region of Gora, where most of the inhabitants belong to the Gorani ethnic group. Among them is a farming couple who preserve the tradition of making homemade cheese. Amanda and Jasmin have 13 free-range cows. In the winter they look after the animals and from spring to mid-autumn they make cheese. They work in a building that looks like a hut, a makeshift construction made of cement blocks. Here, in a wood-fired oven with a cooking surface they boil the milk, then drain it, pass the cheese through cheesecloth or let it ripen, depending on the needs of each type. They produce white sharri cheese, urda cheese (ricotta), yogurt and a cheese-like spread that is placed on bread and accompanied by tea. A lover of cheese (which he considers a sign of culture, capable of revealing the past of a community) and an excellent connoisseur of local products, Jeton Jagxhiu acts as a translator and helps us understand the daily life of this couple in the most remote corners of Kosovo.

About 60 km north of Gora lies the village of Krushë e Madhe, a place that paid a heavy blood tax during the war. One woman who stood on her own two feet, despite personal losses, giving strength to others is Fahrije Hoti. Her story is not simply a success story – although she was declared “European of the Year 2022 for Kosovo” and her life was filmed in the multi-award-winning film “The Queen of the Hive” in 2021. Fahrije is the personification of the human need for creation, which arises after every great disaster. After the mass massacres in Krushë e Madhe (243 men were killed or are still missing), Fahrije, in an attempt to stay alive, started producing and selling small quantities of ajvar. Along the way, she gathered other widows from the village, creating the Krusha cooperative. The cooperative grew, attracted the interest of international media and has now become a regular factory, with the capacity to process 1,500 tons of vegetables per season. In addition to ajvar, they also produce various types of pickles (peppers, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots) with raw materials from Kosovo and Albania. Often, as is the case in Greece, they have difficulties finding land workers to cultivate and harvest vegetables, as most young people do not want to work in the primary sector. If you travel to Kosovo, it is worth visiting this place up close, but especially meeting Fahrija, a unique woman and a great leader who radically changed the fate of her village.

Wine and spirits: wedded to the country

There are two other places that contribute in their own way to the development of cultural diplomacy in the neighboring country. The first is the renovated, well-equipped and large Bodrumi i Vjetër winery in the town of Rahovec, which is known for its wine production and vineyards. The winery was founded in the 1950s and operated under state control until 2006, when it was privatized. It produces wines from red and white, Western European and Balkan varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Vranc, Chardonnay, Riesling), as well as some spirits such as Kosovo Brandy. Its production capacity is 6.5 million liters per year and its wines are exported to several countries, from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia to Switzerland, Norway and Japan. It is open for wine tourism, with visits to the vineyards and tastings. Beyond all this, it also hides very beautiful stories related to the archeology and political course of modern Kosovo. Seek to learn the history of the elephant, which gives its name to the Elephant labels. (bodrumivjeter.com).

The second place is the Vidasus distillery, which is the last stop on our journey and is located next to a small river, on the border of Kosovo with Albania. Its creator is Ali Alijaj, a passionate and hospitable distiller, who had emigrated for a while to Germany, but had decided to return to Kosovo. His figure is bucolic with a shaved head and a long beard and matches the illustrations on the bottles of his drinks, which depict tragomorphic men and women. Ali, in his small factory, produces gin from juniper and wild fruits, herbal liqueurs from the Albanian Alps, handmade vodka and plum distillation, among others. Walk past this small production area, with its stable, tasting room where spirits are tested, and a café where locals gather for raki, cigarettes, and conversation. You will find yourself in a very special place, which hides within it, in equal parts, Europe and the Balkans at their best.

Translated text from an article by the Greek journalist, Mrs. Eleftheria Alavanou, which she wrote after her vacations in Kosovo and was published for To BHMA.

https://www.tovima.gr/2025/01/15/diakopes/kosovo-ena-anapantexo-taksidi/

“I consider myself fortunate to be an Ambassador in Greece, a country with which Romania shares deep historical, cultural and people-to-people ties…

I strongly believe that we should constantly encourage the collaboration and joint actions between the Romanian and Greek communities, as they are bridges between our countries…

As both Romania and Greece face multidimensional regional challenges, I believe that the best answer to different crises is to double our efforts toward interconnectivity and this is an area that I am keen to work for, as a priority during my mandate.”

GDL: How would you describe the current state of diplomatic relations between Romania and Greece? Are there any significant occasions to mention in recent years?

CIM: I am honoured to work for my country in Greece, with which we enjoy excellent bilateral relations.

From the high-level political dialogue, I would just mention recent landmarks such as: the meetings of H.E. Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis with the Romanian President and Prime Minister, in the margins of the EPP Congress in Bucharest, in March 2024; the two meetings between our Prime Ministers in 2023 (one in Athens and one in Varna, on the occasion of the trilateral meeting with our common neighbour Bulgaria); the visit of the Romanian President to Athens in December 2022. The list goes on with many more interactions at ministerial and parliamentary levels. As you can notice, high level contacts, which are so important for the dynamics of the bilateral relations, have continued in an intense rhythm even though Romania has been focused on a “super-electoral year” in 2024 and Greece had its own parliamentary and regional elections during the previous year.

“I am fully committed to expanding the Romanian cultural presence in Greece and I hope that one of the most important projects, the opening of a Romanian cultural institute in Athens will soon become a reality, especially as in 2025 we celebrate 145 years of diplomatic relations between Romania and Greece.”

GDL: Romania and Greece share a rich cultural history. How do you think this cultural connection impacts the bilateral relationship and what initiatives are in place to strengthen it?

CIM: I consider myself fortunate to be an Ambassador in Greece, a country with which Romania shares deep historical, cultural and people-to-people ties. Our bilateral cooperation in these fields has been traditionally excellent, as our countries belong to the same region, promoting similar interests, which fostered a common understanding of realities. One of the most important links between us is the adherence of the majority of Greeks and Romanians to the Christian Orthodox faith, which is part of our DNA, as nations attached to their ancestral spiritual roots. 

The interactions between our artists are very dynamic, just like the Romanian presence and participation in festivals frequently organised in Greece, ranging from music, poetry to film, that is more and more active. Just to illustrate with the most important and recent ones: Romania has been the guest of honour at the Patras International Poetry Festival (19-22 September 2024); the internationally acclaimed film director Radu Jude, one of the most prominent representatives of the Romanian contemporary cinema, had a retrospective within the 13th edition of the Avant-Garde Film Festival (Athens, 5-16 December 2024). Romania is also a constant presence at the International Book Fair in Thessaloniki. Moreover, there are multiple cultural events organised by the thriving Romanian community living in Greece; just to mention one, I would think of the celebration of the Universal Day of the Romanian Blouse “IA”, which took place last year in Syntagma Square, on 16 June 2024. There is also a very good cooperation between our Embassy and the Greek cultural institutions, as well as with the Hellenic Union of Romania, and last but not least, within the framework of La Francophonie.

As I am in the early days of my mandate in Athens, I am fully committed to expanding the Romanian cultural presence in Greece and I hope that one of the most important projects, the opening of a Romanian cultural institute in Athens will soon become a reality, especially as in 2025 we celebrate 145 years of diplomatic relations between Romania and Greece.

“Our shared interest toward increasing security, stability and prosperity in the broader region, fostered a strong sense of coordination in all fields and on all matters on the EU agenda that are of interest for both Romania and Greece.”

GDL: How do Romania and Greece work together within the European Union, particularly on issues such as migration, energy security and regional development?

CIM: Romania and Greece share a very good and close cooperation within the European Union. There is a broad degree of convergence between our countries on a large number of European issues, such as the enlargement policy, crisis management, energy security and social cohesion. As parts of the same region and active members of many regional cooperation formats and fora, our countries have a high degree of understanding of each other’s sensitivities and have constantly shown a tremendous mutual solidarity in matters of crisis. Our shared interest toward increasing security, stability and prosperity in the broader region, fostered a strong sense of coordination in all fields and on all matters on the EU agenda that are of interest for both Romania and Greece. For instance, on migration, the protection of our borders – that are also external borders of the EU – is a major undertaking for our authorities, and both Romania and Greece support the implementation of the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum. Going on, regarding energy security, both Romania and Greece are supporting Ukraine and other countries in our immediate neighbourhood, such as the Republic of Moldova and the partners in the Balkans, to face the consequences of the brutal war Russia conducts against Ukraine, including though increasing the interconnections between us.    

I seize this opportunity to reiterate our gratitude for the active support Greece has constantly shown to our full accession into the Schengen area, a milestone that was achieved starting with 1 January 2025; the accession of both Romania and Bulgaria to the European free movement area is a big success for Greece too, as your country gains access to Land Schengen as well.     

GDL: How should Romania and Greece coordinate their approach with regard to the stability and development of the Balkans?

CIM: Ensuring stability and prosperity in the Balkan region is of common interest for our countries.

Both Romania and Greece share the view that the EU accession is a key instrument to project stability, peace and security in Europe. Therefore, we pay utmost attention to the continuation of the current positive dynamic of the enlargement process, with our Western Balkans partners, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, on the basis of the partners’ merits. Such an approach should lead to the implementation of irreversible reform in all areas, which is especially important as part of a consistent European response to the current geopolitical context still marked by Russia’s brutal war.

Moreover, our countries actively participate in many regional cooperation fora, such as the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organisation (BSEC), South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP), Energy Community and Central and South-Eastern Europe Energy Connectivity (CESEC) among others, promoting projects that contribute to ensuring a regional and international security climate and the improvement of the people’s life.

There is also a very good cooperation between Romanian and Greek military troops within operations and missions carried out under the aegis of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) in the region, among which I highlight EUFOR ALTHEA in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Romania started to exercise its command on 1 January 2025, being the most important contributor in term of troops to this operation. 

“Strengthening Romania’s role within the European Union is one of the three fundamental pillars of Romanian foreign policy, together with strengthening Romania’s profile in NATO and consolidating the strategic partnership with the USA, all of which enjoy a consensual approach at the domestic level.”

GDL: How does Romania perceive its role within the European Union, particularly concerning geopolitical challenges and regional stability?

CIM: Strengthening Romania’s role within the European Union is one of the three fundamental pillars of Romanian foreign policy, together with strengthening Romania’s profile in NATO and consolidating the strategic partnership with the USA, all of which enjoy a consensual approach at the domestic level.

As you well know, Romania joined the EU in 2007. During its 18 years of EU membership, Romania has been actively supporting the strengthening of the European project and of the level of cohesion and unity among the EU Member States.

Within the context of the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine, Romania, which shares a 650 km long border with Ukraine, has been providing consistent and persistent multidimensional support to its neighbour, and will continue to do for as long as it takes. Moreover, Romania has been a vocal and firm advocate of a substantial EU package of commitments in support of Ukraine, as well as of all the EU sanctions regimes against the actors involved in the Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Our assistance and advocacy at EU level have been directed also towards the Republic of Moldova, as one of the most affected countries by the Russian war in Ukraine, to increase its resilience against Russia’s multiple pressures. 

I would like to also mention that, through its latest major achievement, the full accession to the Schengen Area, Romania will make a fundamental contribution to the modernisation of the Schengen acquis, so that it becomes stronger and more resilient in the context of the challenges and threats that may rise at the external borders of the EU.

GDL: What are Romania’s main priorities in terms of defence and security within the context of the broader European and NATO framework?

CIM: Romania stands ready to continue to play the role of a responsible partner and Ally in terms of strengthening security in the Black Sea area and fulfilling all of our responsibilities. The Allies’ appreciation and solidarity for our country are proofs that communication, openness and immersion in the Euro-Atlantic integration process are instruments for peace, stability and development.

Romania contributes to all EU military missions and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations. For us, the priority areas in ensuring peace and stability are the Eastern Neighbourhood and the Western Balkans. However, we also contribute to promoting security in the Southern Neighbourhood, understanding the need to address security threats and challenges with a 360-degree approach. By allocating 2.5% of its GDP to defence in 2023 and 2024, Romania is among the two-thirds of Allies that currently meet this commitment. This financial commitment is crucial for Romania’s contribution to NATO’s efforts in consolidating its posture, ensuring credible responses to threats, and modernising collective defence. For Romania, ensuring a comprehensive NATO vision in the Black Sea region is critical, as we remain firmly committed to playing a responsible role in ensuring Black Sea security while fulfilling all international responsibilities as a NATO member and continuing to be an active contributor to NATO operations, including KFOR in the Balkans, the NATO Mission Iraq (NMI) and NATO’s permanent naval task forces. Equally important is maintaining a coherent vision for Forward Defence along the entire Eastern Flank. Additionally, Romania is strengthening NATO’s collective posture on the Eastern Flank, with key contributions in Poland and participation in air defence missions in the Baltic States. Romania is also set to support NATO Battle Groups in Bulgaria and Slovakia in 2025.

“The Allies’ appreciation and solidarity for our country are proofs that communication, openness and immersion in the Euro-Atlantic integration process are instruments for peace, stability and development.”

GDL: The war in Ukraine has had significant and multifaceted consequences for Romania. As a neighbouring country to Ukraine, Romania has been deeply impacted by the ongoing conflict, both directly and indirectly. How do you cope with the dire consequences of trade, energy and agricultural disruptions? 

CIM: Despite our own emerging issues, Romania has been from day one a steadfast supporter of Ukraine in its fight for sovereignty, territorial integrity and freedom to choose its own future among free nations and away from Russia’s sphere of influence. I would like to stress here that Romania is bound with Greece through the strong support our countries share for the international rules-based order and by the absolute adherence to the principles inscribed in the International Law.

The Romanian multidimensional practical support to our neighbour includes sheltering refugees, providing them with various opportunities on the job market, supporting Ukraine’s economy through our essential role on the transit corridors for the grain export to destinations worldwide, offering and channelling humanitarian assistance though the humanitarian hub in our Northern city of Suceava, established in March 2022, and the list

goes on. As we understand the effects that the war may have on different people, I can tell you that Romania has always been doing its utmost to assist Ukraine though various means and without interruptions for almost three years since the Russia’s brutal invasion and our people has generally, with very few exceptions, showed remarkable resilience and empathy toward the suffering of our neighbours and the formidable provocations they face. 

GDL: In your opinion, should the EU as a whole accumulate more funds, not only for security, but also, to counterbalance the huge increase in the cost of living so social cohesion will not be jeopardised and populist phenomena will not thrive?

CIM: In our opinion, the EU should use a wide array of tools in order to fight back against the effects of disinformation and hybrid attacks and to consolidate the resilience of European democracies, aiming at a whole-of-society approach, as Russia is currently leading an unprecedented hybrid offensive, meant to destabilise EU Member States and other like-minded partners. Despite the increasing challenges, we must reassure our peoples that giving in to populists is simply not an option.

GDL: What are the key sectors where Romania and Greece collaborate economically? Which are the emerging opportunities for investment and trade that the two countries should focus upon?

CIM: Greece is one of the most active investors in Romania, in various fields of the economy. Greek companies have significantly contributed, over time, to strengthening the Romanian economy, through major investments in sectors such as energy, food industry and industry in general, energy, construction and building materials, retail, distribution channels, transportation, infrastructure, warehousing, banking, insurance and telecommunications.

According to the Romanian Trade Registry Office, over 8,700 Greek companies were registered in Romania since 1990, with investments of more than 3,08 billion euro (7th place). The value of the direct Romanian investments in Greece in 2023 was 75 million euro, representing 1.14% of the total of 6,595 billion euro of direct investments of Romanian residents abroad. (Source: National Bank of Romania).

We are interested in an increased presence of Greek investors in Romania. We hope that Romania’s constant economic growth in the last period, along with the opportunities it provides, will convince more entrepreneurs from Greece to see it as an attractive destination for their activities. At the same time, we encourage the Romanian companies to consider the investment opportunities in Greece.

Energy, as a key sector of common interest, has a strategic importance for the region, in order to achieve the diversification of gas supplies and increased security of supply. Together with our Greek partners, we share the view that energy security should be further strengthened, at both European and regional level. Gas interconectors between our states (including the Vertical Corridor and Greece-Bulgaria Gas Interconnector) are essential for the overall European energy security infrastructure and contributors to the implementation of the Energy Union.

“We are interested in an increased presence of Greek investors in Romania. We hope that Romania’s constant economic growth in the last period, along with the opportunities it provides, will convince more entrepreneurs from Greece to see it as an attractive destination for their activities. At the same time, we encourage the Romanian companies to consider the investment opportunities in Greece.”

GDL: Given the significance of tourism for both Romania and Greece, what steps are being taken to promote tourism exchanges between the two countries?

CIM: According to the bilateral Agreement concluded between Romania and Greece in 1993, our countries support closer cooperation between their official tourism bodies and mutual tourism promotion. Every year, around one million Romanian tourists enjoy Greece. The number of Greek tourists in Romania is smaller, so there is always potential to develop these exchanges. Personally, and together with my team, we will do our best to facilitate and further increase discovery and rediscovery of the rich touristic offer of our country.

On a European level, I think it is important to mention that Romania joined the Greek initiative on “Building a European Tourism Strategy for the period 2021-2027”, meant to channel the Member States efforts to implement National Recovery and Resilience Plans coherently, also in this area.

GDL: There is a significant Romanian community in Greece. How does the Romanian Embassy support the Romanian diaspora here and how do they contribute to the strengthening of bilateral ties?

CIM: In spite of its decrease in terms of numbers in recent years, the Romanian community in Greece is a very dynamic one. With a professional team at the consular section and with the support of the counsellor for labour and social affairs, of the network of three Honorary Consuls of Romania in Greece (based in Heraklion, Patra and Corfu) and of our Consulate General in Thessaloniki, we have managed, so far, to efficiently respond to the requests of Romanians living and working in Greece.

There is also a very close cooperation of the Embassy of Romania in Athens with all the Romanian associations active in Greece, and we strongly encourage them to (co-)organise a multitude of cultural events, as well as weekend schools of Romanian language and culture, geared especially for the youth within our community, and thus contributing to the preservation of their national identity, traditions and roots.

At the same time, our Embassy is privileged to benefit from a close relationship with the Hellenic Union of Romania, which represents the Greek national minority officially recognised by the Romanian State and has a representative in our Parliament, with whom I have a close cooperation. Therefore, I strongly believe that we should constantly encourage the collaboration and joint actions between the Romanian and Greek communities, as they are bridges between our countries.  

GDL: What are your hopes and plans for the future of Romania-Greece relations, what are the key challenges in the Romania-Greece relationship and how is the Embassy working to address them?

CIM: As both Romania and Greece face multidimensional regional challenges, I believe that the best answer to different crises is to double our efforts toward interconnectivity and this is an area that I am keen to work for, as a priority during my mandate. I believe that by working toward establishing more interconnections between us, we will be able to enjoy reduced energy prices, as we completely get rid of the energy coming from Russia, increase development, prosperity and competitivity.

We are also keen to increase our cooperation in international organisations as our countries share a strong support for the international rules-based order and the priority of International Law in international relations. This is even more relevant as we speak, as Greece has just taken over its two years mandate as non-permanent Member of the UN Security Council.

Interview by Nicolas Boutsicos
Editor, Greek Diplomatic Life

Respect for the ‘Rule of Law’ is important to the Philippines as this is what affords protection and equality to smaller and less powerful states. Without this, the world would be in a “might is right” situation where peace and stability would be uncertain which would inevitably hinder growth, development and prosperity of nations and people.

We are guided by our approach of being “friends to everyone and enemies to none” where the Philippines seeks to advance national interest and development through cooperation and alliances with like-minded countries while promoting regional and global peace and stability through diplomatic dialogue and respect for International Law.

We believe that diplomacy is still the best way to resolve issues peacefully.

GDL: The Philippines faces several geopolitical challenges, influenced by its strategic location in Southeast Asia, historical ties and regional dynamics. Can you elaborate more on your government’s approach to this complex geopolitical landscape?

GEP: We are cognisant of the increased complexities brought about by the current global geopolitical dynamics which are having an effect at the regional and international level.

The Philippines, under the administration of President Ferdinand R. Marcos, Jr., pursues an independent foreign policy of “being a friend to all and enemy to none” that advances national interest while promoting peace and building stronger relations with like-minded nations that support and respect a rules-based international order which is based on international laws.

Respect for the ‘Rule of Law’ is important to the Philippines as this is what affords protection and equality to smaller and less powerful states. Without this, the world would be in a “might is right” situation where peace and stability would be uncertain which would inevitably hinder growth, development and prosperity of nations and people.

GDL: Your country is part of ASEAN, which promotes regional cooperation, but lacks a strong enforcement mechanism for territorial disputes. What is the Philippines’ role in Southeast Asia and its ASEAN strategies?

GEP: The ASEAN was established in 1967 with the primary aim and purpose:

(1) to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and (2) to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the Rule of Law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.

ASEAN has worked to promote regional growth and progress in a broad scope, including economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific, educational and administrative fields, through joint collaboration among the member states. It has sought to maintain peace and stability in the region in adherence to International Law, including the United Nations Charter. The Philippines has constantly sought to strengthen the ASEAN through previous chairmanships and other initiatives in the ASEAN that address current developments and make the regional bloc relevant.

In line with promoting regional peace and stability, the Philippines is active in the ASEAN-China Joint Working Group discussions for a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea to effectively and peacefully manage the situation at sea and avoid mishaps, misunderstandings or miscalculation among the parties.

As early as July 1992, the Philippines worked to have the ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea signed by the ASEAN foreign ministers during the 25th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Manila, the Philippines. The Declaration called for a peaceful resolution of disputes, the exercise of restraint by involved parties and cooperation in areas of mutual interest.

GDL: What defence policies and cooperation are you undertaking with allies against security threats, especially strengthening maritime security and piracy?

GEP: The Philippines’ defence policies and cooperation are aimed to protect, secure and ensure our territorial integrity, maritime zones and other entitlements based on, and in accordance with, International Law. The Philippines continues to engage and forge defence agreements with key allies such as the United States and other like-minded states to address ongoing developments in the South China Sea, as well as other challenges pertaining to maritime security and piracy in other areas.

These defence or security arrangements include joint operations, exercises, training, intelligence sharing, military aid and other programmes. These engagements are meant to bolster the Philippines’ defence capability both inland and at sea to ensure the country’s security, as well as to safeguard freedom of navigation, promote the Rule of Law and maintain a rules-based global order amidst the pressures coming from bigger and more powerful countries.

“This year, the Philippines and Greece will celebrate the 75 years of diplomatic relations. This long-standing partnership has been positive and friendly. Both countries maintain close and cooperative ties especially in matters of mutual concern. However, I feel that the full potential for stronger ties has not been realised especially in areas such as trade and investment, maritime cooperation, labour, tourism, as well as cultural cooperation.”

GDL: Are there any foreign policy shifts comparing former President Duterte’s ‘China pivot’ with current President Marcos Jr.’s approach to diplomacy?

GEP: TThe current administration is revitalising its relations with like-minded countries and has expanded its maritime cooperation with several countries like Japan, South Korea, Australia and India. At the same time, our relations with China remain stable and friendly, especially in terms of trade and economy which is robust and growing.

GDL: The 2016 UNCLOS ruling favoured the Philippines, rejecting China’s ‘Nine-Dash Line’ claim, but China continues its aggressive activities, territorial claims and militarisation. How does your government balance diplomatic, military and economic responses while maintaining alliances?

GEP: We are guided by our approach of being “friends to everyone and enemies to none” where the Philippines seeks to advance national interest and development through cooperation and alliances with like-minded countries while promoting regional and global peace and stability through diplomatic dialogue and respect for International Law. We believe that diplomacy is still the best way to resolve issues peacefully. One of the reasons for pursuing the Arbitration under UNCLOS in 2016 was precisely because of our desire to seek a peaceful resolution of the matter.

GDL: How would you prioritise your economic diplomacy with Greece in relation to trade agreements, foreign direct investments and labour migration policies?

GEP: With the successful visit of Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs Enrique A. Manalo in June last year, the Embassy aims to build on this momentum and continue engaging with our counterparts as we seek ways to effectively promote trade and investment including having possible two-way trade missions, participation in various trade and tourism fairs and the signing of various trade agreements. We aim to encourage investments both ways as our countries have good opportunities in many sectors such as maritime, tourism, information technology and many more.

As we celebrate 75 years of diplomatic relations with Greece this year, the Embassy focuses its economic diplomacy activities that will increase two-way trade and investments between the two countries, as well as in ensuring that labour migration policies continue to promote and protect the rights of Filipinos overseas.

Furthermore, with the number of Filipinos in Greece, estimated at around 15,000, the Embassy emphasises the importance of establishing a mechanism, through a Memorandum of Understanding on Migration and Mobility, that will protect the rights of Filipino migrant workers, including seasonal workers.

GDL: Do you believe that the Philippines could gain from the ongoing trade war between the United States and its trading partners by positioning itself as an alternative source of exports to the US?

GEP: The recent economic and trade policies announced by the US have caused uncertainty and already have repercussions in the global economy. In times of uncertainty, there is always opportunity. However, the Philippines will still need to present itself as a viable alternative source of exports not only to the US, but to other countries that would be affected by these new policies.

“The Philippine Embassy is encouraging Philippine companies to view Greece as the gateway to the Balkans and the rest of Europe, just as we are inviting companies to look to the Philippines as a link to Southeast Asia, as well as to the Pacific. By enhancing diplomatic ties, simplifying trade procedures and encouraging educational and cultural exchanges, both countries can unlock the full potential of their bilateral relationship. With both nations committed to fostering a business-friendly environment, the future of their economic cooperation looks promising, paving the way for sustainable growth and shared prosperity.”

GDL: As an archipelago, the Philippines is highly vulnerable to rising sea levels, extreme weather and natural disasters, which also impact national security and food supply. What is your policy toward climate change and environmental concerns?

GEP: The Philippines is highly susceptible to the impact of climate change. The Philippines experiences an average of 10-20 typhoons a year. Recently these have been more severe due the effects of climate change which have resulted in heavy flooding even in areas which were never prone to floods. The impact of climate change on the environment affects many aspects especially in terms of food security and sustainable development.

The Philippines passed the Climate Change Act which established the Climate Change Commission with the aim to mitigate the effects of climate change and continuously strengthen its disaster risk reduction mechanisms. Recently, the Philippine government has allocated €16 billion for climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in the 2025 National Budget. This signifies the importance of enhancing the climate change policies of the Philippines as the amount is nearly double the budget in 2024.

We are aware that climate change is a global issue that will require a global effort to mitigate or overcome this challenge. The Philippines has been actively participating in conferences concerning climate change such as the Conference of Parties (COP) on Climate Change and the Our Oceans Conference. It also successfully lobbied to host the Loss and Damage Fund Secretariat. The Philippines joined other countries in submitting its position before the International Court of Justice which the UN General Assembly had asked for an advisory opinion regarding state responsibility on climate change.

GDL: How would you describe Greece-Philippines bilateral relations?

GEP: This year, the Philippines and Greece will celebrate the 75 years of diplomatic relations. This long-standing partnership has been positive and friendly. Both countries maintain close and cooperative ties especially in matters of mutual concern. However, I feel that the full potential for stronger ties has not been realised especially in areas such as trade and investment, maritime cooperation, labour, tourism, as well as cultural cooperation.

This milestone year prompts the two countries to enhance its bilateral relations, looking at each other’s significance as a partner, but also the two countries’ roles in their respective regions. Greece can be considered as a gateway to the Balkan region and the rest of Europe.

The Philippines, on the other hand, can be a valuable partner as a member of ASEAN, its location in Southeast Asia and the competitiveness of the country’s human resources.

To mark this significant occasion, the Philippine Embassy has adopted the theme “Navigating Together towards a Secure and Sustainable Future” to emphasise our strong bonds and that together we can make and safeguard our destinies that will redound to our mutual benefit and prosperity.

GDL: What is the future potential and opportunities for stronger mutual relations in maritime and shipping cooperation?

GEP: The Philippines and Greece are considered to be maritime nations. Maritime cooperation is a cornerstone of our partnership especially with 50,000 Filipino seafarers on board Greek-owned or managed vessels. This highlights the two countries’ complementary strengths with Greece taking a dominant role as the largest shipping country in the world, and the Philippines as the largest provider of seafarers globally and our growing maritime infrastructure sector.

Considering the extent of our maritime partnership, strengthening maritime cooperation remains an essential part of the Embassy’s economic diplomacy activities. The Embassy continues to engage with shipping companies in Greece to explore possible activities that will help enhance maritime partnership between the two countries. The visit of maritime officials at the Posedonia 2024 was significant as there are now plans to participate in the next Posedonia in 2026.

Last year, the Embassy organised the first Philippine Maritime Forum where key Philippine government officials served as resource speakers. The Forum was attended by major shipping companies that employ a significant number of Filipino seafarers. The Forum also served as an avenue to foster dialogue between the Greek shipowners and the Philippines’ policymakers. Events such as the Philippine Maritime Forum can serve to further strengthen maritime cooperation between the Philippines and Greece, where the two countries can explore future activities including the conclusion of maritime agreements, partnerships in maritime education and seafarer training, possible partnerships or investments in shipbuilding or port development and potential cooperation in new industries such as cruise tourism development.

GDL: With regard to defence and security cooperation both countries have maritime security interests: the Philippines in the South China Sea, particularly the West Philippine Sea, Greece in the Eastern Mediterranean. Are there any proposals for joint training on maritime law enforcement and counter-piracy?

GEP: These proposals would certainly be welcomed. As maritime nations, the Philippines and Greece have mutual interest in pursuing maritime cooperation, especially in security and defence to ensure freedom of navigation and promote the rule of international-based law as both countries face similar maritime security challenges.

Both countries would benefit from learning about each other’s experiences in combatting piracy and transborder crimes. This presents potential opportunities for both the Philippines and Greece to collaborate in defence and maritime security such as innovation, technology and sharing of best practices.

“This milestone year prompts the two countries to enhance its bilateral relations, looking at each other’s significance as a partner, but also the two countries’ roles in their respective regions…

“Considering the extent of our maritime partnership, strengthening maritime cooperation remains an essential part of the Embassy’s economic diplomacy activities.”

GDL: How can both sides encourage trade and investment growth?

GEP: The Philippines and Greece can significantly boost two-way trade and investment by focusing on sectors where both countries have complementary strengths. With 75 years of partnership, enhancing trade and investment in sectors such as maritime, agriculture, renewable energy, infrastructure and technology and innovation can create new opportunities for growth.

Recently negotiations for the EU-Philippines Free Trade Agreement have restarted and the successful conclusion of this agreement would certainly present more opportunities for expanding trade and investment in both countries. The Philippine Embassy is encouraging Philippine companies to view Greece as the gateway to the Balkans and the rest of Europe, just as we are inviting companies to look to the Philippines as a link to Southeast Asia, as well as to the Pacific.

By enhancing diplomatic ties, simplifying trade procedures and encouraging educational and cultural exchanges, both countries can unlock the full potential of their bilateral relationship. With both nations committed to fostering a business-friendly environment, the future of their economic cooperation looks promising, paving the way for sustainable growth and shared prosperity.

GDL: The Embassy of the Philippines in Athens has organised some beautiful cultural events during the past years. Are there any plans to promote Philippine festivals and culture in Greece and Greek heritage sites in the Philippines. What is required to develop tourism and people-to-people exchange?

GEP: The Embassy has endeavoured to showcase Philippine culture through meaningful events. We organised the fashion show entitled ‘Hibla’, which featured intricately crafted and hand-woven textiles from the Philippines and introduced Philippine traditional dances which were performed by the Bayanihan Dance Troupe in Thessaloniki. Incidentally, the dance performance was under the auspices of the Executive Programme of the Memorandum of Agreement between the Philippines and Greece on Cultural Cooperation.

For this year, as part of the celebration of the 75 years of diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Greece, the Embassy will be presenting the Philippine Madrigal Singers (also known as the Madz), a UNESCO-recognised Artist for Peace, to perform in front of a Greek audience, the international community and the Filipino diaspora in Greece. We have also supported the participation of Greek composer Miran Tsalikian, in the concert series in the Philippines.

The Embassy will be participating in Philoxenia, which it has regularly done, to encourage more people-to-people exchange. It will also seek to participate in cultural events in Greece whenever possible and resources are available.

GDL: Mr. Ambassador, you are one of the most active and esteemed diplomats of the Diplomatic Corps in Athens. How do you feel after three and a half years of strengthening personal and professional bonds with locals, colleagues and fellow expatriates. How deep is your connection with the culture, traditions and people of Greece?

GEP: Has it been three and a half years? It just feels like yesterday. Kidding aside, my family and I feel very much at ease since we arrived here as we find the people very welcoming and hospitable. I would say that our cultures are similar which is why it has been very easy to establish relations both on a professional and personal level. I can say that we have made plenty of friends who have been helpful and this has made my work much easier and more enjoyable.

Every day, I am learning more about Greek culture and traditions which are amazing as these are rich, deep-rooted and historical. The fact that the people are accommodating and warm, all the more adds to the wonderful experience that my family and I have had residing in Greece.

Interview by Nicolas Boutsicos
Editor, Greek Diplomatic Life

Gender Disparities in Diplomacy: Challenges
and Progress for Women in International Relations

By Tonka Kostadinova
Visiting Research Associate, ELIAMEP
Marie Sklodowska Curie Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cyprus

“In 2024, only 21% of global ambassadorships were occupied by women, with the highest average number of women ambassadors appointed by liberal democratic states such as Canada, Sweden, Finland, Norway and New Zealand…

“The underrepresentation of women in senior diplomatic roles reflects a persistent glass ceiling in international relations.”

In recent decades, women have made substantial progress in entering the traditionally male-dominated fields of diplomacy and international relations, gaining increased representation and visibility as diplomatic professionals and foreign policy agents. Female diplomats now make up between 40% and 60% of the workforce in many Foreign Services across the globe.

The increasing presence of women in diplomacy has not only diversified the field but also brought new perspectives and approaches to international relations. Many countries, including Canada, France, Germany, Spain, Mexico and New Zealand have adopted a women’s friendly foreign policy with a focus on gender equality and human rights. This approach aims to address longstanding gender disparities in various spheres, including political representation and economic empowerment.

These positive trends notwithstanding, the diplomatic field continues to fall short in achieving a truly equitable and inclusive environment for female diplomats.

Gender equality, even though increasingly prioritised in foreign policy agendas, is far from being achieved at the level of everyday diplomatic practices and foreign policy making.

Women continue to be underrepresented in diplomatic arenas, facing numerous challenges that prevent them from acting effectively as diplomats, such as work-life balance, glass ceiling, and gender-based stereotypes.

These challenges often stem from the institutional characteristics of the environment in which diplomats operate.

Formal and informal institutional barriers continue to affect women’s career trajectories, from recruitment processes to the allocation of policy domains and career advancement opportunities. For example, gendered divisions of labour often send men and women in different directions in diplomacy by assigning women to more “feminine” areas such as multilateral diplomacy, cultural affairs, development and humanitarian aid. These areas, while important, typically carry less visibility and strategic significance within foreign offices compared to the high-status positions that are predominantly held by men. These institutional segregations are rooted in deeply ingrained stereotypes, which associate leadership and power in international relations with masculine traits.

Male diplomats are often perceived as natural embodiments of national strength and authority, better equipped to navigate national interests in the complex terrain of international politics and global diplomacy. Women diplomats, on the other hand, are typically associated with traditionally feminine traits such as empathy and cooperation, which are sometimes viewed as incompatible with the assertiveness and strategic thinking required in high-stakes diplomatic negotiations.

“Gender stereotypes in diplomacy may extend beyond internal biases within domestic foreign services. Some receiving countries, for example, interpret the appointment of a female ambassador as a signal of diminished importance in bilateral relations, reflecting deeply ingrained societal prejudices…

“Advancing women’s empowerment in diplomacy beyond enhanced numerical representation thus requires a comprehensive approach that includes policy reforms, cultural shifts within diplomatic institutions and increased awareness of gender biases in the field of international relations.”

Gendered expectations of leadership styles influence not the allocation of diplomatic portfolios, but also the representation patterns in positions of influence and power. While women are comparatively well-represented in entry and mid-level positions, they remain underrepresented in senior leadership roles, such as ambassadorships and ministerial positions, as evidenced by the 2024 Women in Diplomacy Global Index.

In 2024, only 21% of global ambassadorships were occupied by women, with the highest average number of women ambassadors appointed by liberal democratic states such as Canada, Sweden, Finland, Norway and New Zealand.

Even among countries that have explicitly committed to advancing women’s rights in foreign affairs and adopted National Action Plans for the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda, the average percentage of women ambassadors is only 23%, marginally higher than the global average. This data reveals a stark contrast between the growing international commitments to promote gender equality and the actual representation of women at the highest echelons of diplomacy.

The underrepresentation of women in senior diplomatic roles reflects a persistent glass ceiling in international relations. Moreover, gender patterns are present even when women do reach the ambassador level. Existing research has shown that there is a global trend of male ambassadors occupying positions of higher political, economic, and military status more often than women. In most of the diplomatic services across the globe, female ambassador appointments to G7 or BRICS capitals remain below the threshold of tokenism.

The most coveted and strategically significant postings, typically to capitals like Washington, Moscow, London, Beijing, Paris, Berlin and Rome remain largely inaccessible to women.

Furthermore, gender stereotypes in diplomacy may extend beyond internal biases within domestic foreign services. Some receiving countries, for example, interpret the appointment of a female ambassador as a signal of diminished importance in bilateral relations, reflecting deeply ingrained societal prejudices.

The implications of such stereotypes are far-reaching, affecting not only individual careers, but also the efficacy of diplomatic missions and international cooperation.

When female ambassadors are perceived as less influential or important, it can hinder their ability to negotiate effectively, build strong relationships with host country officials, and represent their nation’s interests.

This “devaluation” of women in diplomacy can lead to missed opportunities for collaboration, reduced diplomatic influence, and a narrower perspective in global decision-making processes.

Addressing these stereotypes requires concerted efforts from both sending and receiving countries to recognise and value the contributions of diplomats regardless of class, race, and gender, thereby enhancing the overall quality and effectiveness of international diplomacy.

Advancing women’s empowerment in diplomacy beyond enhanced numerical representation thus requires a comprehensive approach that includes policy reforms, cultural shifts within diplomatic institutions and increased awareness of gender biases in the field of international relations.

Institutional measures may involve establishing clear benchmarks for gender representation at all levels of diplomatic service, gender sensitivity training for all diplomatic personnel, mentorship programmes to support women’s career progression, and the promotion of work-life balance policies that accommodate the needs of both men and women.

Only by addressing these issues through a comprehensive approach, national foreign services can work towards closing the gap between aspirational gender equality policies and their effective implementation in everyday diplomatic practices and foreign policy making.

The lack of direct flight connections between Greece and Kosovo (there are flights via Istanbul or Vienna) has not helped us get to know our neighbors. And if Kosovars love and visit Greece for most of us, even though 25 years have passed since the end of the Kosovo war, it remains a poor and degraded corner of the Balkans. How true is this?

Prishtina: The country’s modern identity

So, what is it like to travel to this unknown country? The answer is: completely different from what you would expect, starting from the capital. Prishtina is a modern, safe, clean and completely Western-style city. Its main disadvantage is the constant traffic jams on the roads. Here and there, among the unfamiliar street names, one catches the eye of some more well-known ones, such as George Bush Street, Bill Clinton Avenue, Garibaldi Street and Tirana Street, which expresses the good diplomatic relations between Kosovo and the US, Italy and of course Albania.

The oldest building in Pristina is the Çarshi Mosque (Stone Mosque), founded in 1389 and today a landmark of the old city. The most unique building is the one that houses the National Library, with 99 small and large domes. The oldest object in the city is the “Goddess in the Front”, a Neolithic terracotta statue, dated 5700-4500 BC, discovered in Pristina and exhibited in the National Museum. And the most delicious food we tried was thick red paça boiled with garlic, in a restaurant with closed doors and customers smoking.

In the south of the country, in the three-ethnic region of Kosovo-Albania-North Macedonia, lies the region of Gora, where most of the inhabitants belong to the Gorani ethnic group. Among them is a farming couple who preserve the tradition of making homemade cheese. Amanda and Jasmin have 13 free-range cows. In the winter they look after the animals and from spring to mid-autumn they make cheese. They work in a building that looks like a hut, a makeshift construction made of cement blocks. Here, in a wood-fired oven with a cooking surface they boil the milk, then drain it, pass the cheese through cheesecloth or let it ripen, depending on the needs of each type. They produce white sharri cheese, urda cheese (ricotta), yogurt and a cheese-like spread that is placed on bread and accompanied by tea. A lover of cheese (which he considers a sign of culture, capable of revealing the past of a community) and an excellent connoisseur of local products, Jeton Jagxhiu acts as a translator and helps us understand the daily life of this couple in the most remote corners of Kosovo.

About 60 km north of Gora lies the village of Krushë e Madhe, a place that paid a heavy blood tax during the war. One woman who stood on her own two feet, despite personal losses, giving strength to others is Fahrije Hoti. Her story is not simply a success story – although she was declared “European of the Year 2022 for Kosovo” and her life was filmed in the multi-award-winning film “The Queen of the Hive” in 2021. Fahrije is the personification of the human need for creation, which arises after every great disaster. After the mass massacres in Krushë e Madhe (243 men were killed or are still missing), Fahrije, in an attempt to stay alive, started producing and selling small quantities of ajvar. Along the way, she gathered other widows from the village, creating the Krusha cooperative. The cooperative grew, attracted the interest of international media and has now become a regular factory, with the capacity to process 1,500 tons of vegetables per season. In addition to ajvar, they also produce various types of pickles (peppers, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots) with raw materials from Kosovo and Albania. Often, as is the case in Greece, they have difficulties finding land workers to cultivate and harvest vegetables, as most young people do not want to work in the primary sector. If you travel to Kosovo, it is worth visiting this place up close, but especially meeting Fahrija, a unique woman and a great leader who radically changed the fate of her village.

Wine and spirits: wedded to the country

There are two other places that contribute in their own way to the development of cultural diplomacy in the neighboring country. The first is the renovated, well-equipped and large Bodrumi i Vjetër winery in the town of Rahovec, which is known for its wine production and vineyards. The winery was founded in the 1950s and operated under state control until 2006, when it was privatized. It produces wines from red and white, Western European and Balkan varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Vranc, Chardonnay, Riesling), as well as some spirits such as Kosovo Brandy. Its production capacity is 6.5 million liters per year and its wines are exported to several countries, from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia to Switzerland, Norway and Japan. It is open for wine tourism, with visits to the vineyards and tastings. Beyond all this, it also hides very beautiful stories related to the archeology and political course of modern Kosovo. Seek to learn the history of the elephant, which gives its name to the Elephant labels. (bodrumivjeter.com).

The second place is the Vidasus distillery, which is the last stop on our journey and is located next to a small river, on the border of Kosovo with Albania. Its creator is Ali Alijaj, a passionate and hospitable distiller, who had emigrated for a while to Germany, but had decided to return to Kosovo. His figure is bucolic with a shaved head and a long beard and matches the illustrations on the bottles of his drinks, which depict tragomorphic men and women. Ali, in his small factory, produces gin from juniper and wild fruits, herbal liqueurs from the Albanian Alps, handmade vodka and plum distillation, among others. Walk past this small production area, with its stable, tasting room where spirits are tested, and a café where locals gather for raki, cigarettes, and conversation. You will find yourself in a very special place, which hides within it, in equal parts, Europe and the Balkans at their best.

Translated text from an article by the Greek journalist, Mrs. Eleftheria Alavanou, which she wrote after her vacations in Kosovo and was published for To BHMA.

https://www.tovima.gr/2025/01/15/diakopes/kosovo-ena-anapantexo-taksidi/

“I consider myself fortunate to be an Ambassador in Greece, a country with which Romania shares deep historical, cultural and people-to-people ties…

I strongly believe that we should constantly encourage the collaboration and joint actions between the Romanian and Greek communities, as they are bridges between our countries…

As both Romania and Greece face multidimensional regional challenges, I believe that the best answer to different crises is to double our efforts toward interconnectivity and this is an area that I am keen to work for, as a priority during my mandate.”

GDL: How would you describe the current state of diplomatic relations between Romania and Greece? Are there any significant occasions to mention in recent years?

CIM: I am honoured to work for my country in Greece, with which we enjoy excellent bilateral relations.

From the high-level political dialogue, I would just mention recent landmarks such as: the meetings of H.E. Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis with the Romanian President and Prime Minister, in the margins of the EPP Congress in Bucharest, in March 2024; the two meetings between our Prime Ministers in 2023 (one in Athens and one in Varna, on the occasion of the trilateral meeting with our common neighbour Bulgaria); the visit of the Romanian President to Athens in December 2022. The list goes on with many more interactions at ministerial and parliamentary levels. As you can notice, high level contacts, which are so important for the dynamics of the bilateral relations, have continued in an intense rhythm even though Romania has been focused on a “super-electoral year” in 2024 and Greece had its own parliamentary and regional elections during the previous year.

“I am fully committed to expanding the Romanian cultural presence in Greece and I hope that one of the most important projects, the opening of a Romanian cultural institute in Athens will soon become a reality, especially as in 2025 we celebrate 145 years of diplomatic relations between Romania and Greece.”

GDL: Romania and Greece share a rich cultural history. How do you think this cultural connection impacts the bilateral relationship and what initiatives are in place to strengthen it?

CIM: I consider myself fortunate to be an Ambassador in Greece, a country with which Romania shares deep historical, cultural and people-to-people ties. Our bilateral cooperation in these fields has been traditionally excellent, as our countries belong to the same region, promoting similar interests, which fostered a common understanding of realities. One of the most important links between us is the adherence of the majority of Greeks and Romanians to the Christian Orthodox faith, which is part of our DNA, as nations attached to their ancestral spiritual roots. 

The interactions between our artists are very dynamic, just like the Romanian presence and participation in festivals frequently organised in Greece, ranging from music, poetry to film, that is more and more active. Just to illustrate with the most important and recent ones: Romania has been the guest of honour at the Patras International Poetry Festival (19-22 September 2024); the internationally acclaimed film director Radu Jude, one of the most prominent representatives of the Romanian contemporary cinema, had a retrospective within the 13th edition of the Avant-Garde Film Festival (Athens, 5-16 December 2024). Romania is also a constant presence at the International Book Fair in Thessaloniki. Moreover, there are multiple cultural events organised by the thriving Romanian community living in Greece; just to mention one, I would think of the celebration of the Universal Day of the Romanian Blouse “IA”, which took place last year in Syntagma Square, on 16 June 2024. There is also a very good cooperation between our Embassy and the Greek cultural institutions, as well as with the Hellenic Union of Romania, and last but not least, within the framework of La Francophonie.

As I am in the early days of my mandate in Athens, I am fully committed to expanding the Romanian cultural presence in Greece and I hope that one of the most important projects, the opening of a Romanian cultural institute in Athens will soon become a reality, especially as in 2025 we celebrate 145 years of diplomatic relations between Romania and Greece.

“Our shared interest toward increasing security, stability and prosperity in the broader region, fostered a strong sense of coordination in all fields and on all matters on the EU agenda that are of interest for both Romania and Greece.”

GDL: How do Romania and Greece work together within the European Union, particularly on issues such as migration, energy security and regional development?

CIM: Romania and Greece share a very good and close cooperation within the European Union. There is a broad degree of convergence between our countries on a large number of European issues, such as the enlargement policy, crisis management, energy security and social cohesion. As parts of the same region and active members of many regional cooperation formats and fora, our countries have a high degree of understanding of each other’s sensitivities and have constantly shown a tremendous mutual solidarity in matters of crisis. Our shared interest toward increasing security, stability and prosperity in the broader region, fostered a strong sense of coordination in all fields and on all matters on the EU agenda that are of interest for both Romania and Greece. For instance, on migration, the protection of our borders – that are also external borders of the EU – is a major undertaking for our authorities, and both Romania and Greece support the implementation of the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum. Going on, regarding energy security, both Romania and Greece are supporting Ukraine and other countries in our immediate neighbourhood, such as the Republic of Moldova and the partners in the Balkans, to face the consequences of the brutal war Russia conducts against Ukraine, including though increasing the interconnections between us.    

I seize this opportunity to reiterate our gratitude for the active support Greece has constantly shown to our full accession into the Schengen area, a milestone that was achieved starting with 1 January 2025; the accession of both Romania and Bulgaria to the European free movement area is a big success for Greece too, as your country gains access to Land Schengen as well.     

GDL: How should Romania and Greece coordinate their approach with regard to the stability and development of the Balkans?

CIM: Ensuring stability and prosperity in the Balkan region is of common interest for our countries.

Both Romania and Greece share the view that the EU accession is a key instrument to project stability, peace and security in Europe. Therefore, we pay utmost attention to the continuation of the current positive dynamic of the enlargement process, with our Western Balkans partners, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, on the basis of the partners’ merits. Such an approach should lead to the implementation of irreversible reform in all areas, which is especially important as part of a consistent European response to the current geopolitical context still marked by Russia’s brutal war.

Moreover, our countries actively participate in many regional cooperation fora, such as the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organisation (BSEC), South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP), Energy Community and Central and South-Eastern Europe Energy Connectivity (CESEC) among others, promoting projects that contribute to ensuring a regional and international security climate and the improvement of the people’s life.

There is also a very good cooperation between Romanian and Greek military troops within operations and missions carried out under the aegis of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) in the region, among which I highlight EUFOR ALTHEA in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Romania started to exercise its command on 1 January 2025, being the most important contributor in term of troops to this operation. 

“Strengthening Romania’s role within the European Union is one of the three fundamental pillars of Romanian foreign policy, together with strengthening Romania’s profile in NATO and consolidating the strategic partnership with the USA, all of which enjoy a consensual approach at the domestic level.”

GDL: How does Romania perceive its role within the European Union, particularly concerning geopolitical challenges and regional stability?

CIM: Strengthening Romania’s role within the European Union is one of the three fundamental pillars of Romanian foreign policy, together with strengthening Romania’s profile in NATO and consolidating the strategic partnership with the USA, all of which enjoy a consensual approach at the domestic level.

As you well know, Romania joined the EU in 2007. During its 18 years of EU membership, Romania has been actively supporting the strengthening of the European project and of the level of cohesion and unity among the EU Member States.

Within the context of the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine, Romania, which shares a 650 km long border with Ukraine, has been providing consistent and persistent multidimensional support to its neighbour, and will continue to do for as long as it takes. Moreover, Romania has been a vocal and firm advocate of a substantial EU package of commitments in support of Ukraine, as well as of all the EU sanctions regimes against the actors involved in the Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Our assistance and advocacy at EU level have been directed also towards the Republic of Moldova, as one of the most affected countries by the Russian war in Ukraine, to increase its resilience against Russia’s multiple pressures. 

I would like to also mention that, through its latest major achievement, the full accession to the Schengen Area, Romania will make a fundamental contribution to the modernisation of the Schengen acquis, so that it becomes stronger and more resilient in the context of the challenges and threats that may rise at the external borders of the EU.

GDL: What are Romania’s main priorities in terms of defence and security within the context of the broader European and NATO framework?

CIM: Romania stands ready to continue to play the role of a responsible partner and Ally in terms of strengthening security in the Black Sea area and fulfilling all of our responsibilities. The Allies’ appreciation and solidarity for our country are proofs that communication, openness and immersion in the Euro-Atlantic integration process are instruments for peace, stability and development.

Romania contributes to all EU military missions and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations. For us, the priority areas in ensuring peace and stability are the Eastern Neighbourhood and the Western Balkans. However, we also contribute to promoting security in the Southern Neighbourhood, understanding the need to address security threats and challenges with a 360-degree approach. By allocating 2.5% of its GDP to defence in 2023 and 2024, Romania is among the two-thirds of Allies that currently meet this commitment. This financial commitment is crucial for Romania’s contribution to NATO’s efforts in consolidating its posture, ensuring credible responses to threats, and modernising collective defence. For Romania, ensuring a comprehensive NATO vision in the Black Sea region is critical, as we remain firmly committed to playing a responsible role in ensuring Black Sea security while fulfilling all international responsibilities as a NATO member and continuing to be an active contributor to NATO operations, including KFOR in the Balkans, the NATO Mission Iraq (NMI) and NATO’s permanent naval task forces. Equally important is maintaining a coherent vision for Forward Defence along the entire Eastern Flank. Additionally, Romania is strengthening NATO’s collective posture on the Eastern Flank, with key contributions in Poland and participation in air defence missions in the Baltic States. Romania is also set to support NATO Battle Groups in Bulgaria and Slovakia in 2025.

“The Allies’ appreciation and solidarity for our country are proofs that communication, openness and immersion in the Euro-Atlantic integration process are instruments for peace, stability and development.”

GDL: The war in Ukraine has had significant and multifaceted consequences for Romania. As a neighbouring country to Ukraine, Romania has been deeply impacted by the ongoing conflict, both directly and indirectly. How do you cope with the dire consequences of trade, energy and agricultural disruptions? 

CIM: Despite our own emerging issues, Romania has been from day one a steadfast supporter of Ukraine in its fight for sovereignty, territorial integrity and freedom to choose its own future among free nations and away from Russia’s sphere of influence. I would like to stress here that Romania is bound with Greece through the strong support our countries share for the international rules-based order and by the absolute adherence to the principles inscribed in the International Law.

The Romanian multidimensional practical support to our neighbour includes sheltering refugees, providing them with various opportunities on the job market, supporting Ukraine’s economy through our essential role on the transit corridors for the grain export to destinations worldwide, offering and channelling humanitarian assistance though the humanitarian hub in our Northern city of Suceava, established in March 2022, and the list

goes on. As we understand the effects that the war may have on different people, I can tell you that Romania has always been doing its utmost to assist Ukraine though various means and without interruptions for almost three years since the Russia’s brutal invasion and our people has generally, with very few exceptions, showed remarkable resilience and empathy toward the suffering of our neighbours and the formidable provocations they face. 

GDL: In your opinion, should the EU as a whole accumulate more funds, not only for security, but also, to counterbalance the huge increase in the cost of living so social cohesion will not be jeopardised and populist phenomena will not thrive?

CIM: In our opinion, the EU should use a wide array of tools in order to fight back against the effects of disinformation and hybrid attacks and to consolidate the resilience of European democracies, aiming at a whole-of-society approach, as Russia is currently leading an unprecedented hybrid offensive, meant to destabilise EU Member States and other like-minded partners. Despite the increasing challenges, we must reassure our peoples that giving in to populists is simply not an option.

GDL: What are the key sectors where Romania and Greece collaborate economically? Which are the emerging opportunities for investment and trade that the two countries should focus upon?

CIM: Greece is one of the most active investors in Romania, in various fields of the economy. Greek companies have significantly contributed, over time, to strengthening the Romanian economy, through major investments in sectors such as energy, food industry and industry in general, energy, construction and building materials, retail, distribution channels, transportation, infrastructure, warehousing, banking, insurance and telecommunications.

According to the Romanian Trade Registry Office, over 8,700 Greek companies were registered in Romania since 1990, with investments of more than 3,08 billion euro (7th place). The value of the direct Romanian investments in Greece in 2023 was 75 million euro, representing 1.14% of the total of 6,595 billion euro of direct investments of Romanian residents abroad. (Source: National Bank of Romania).

We are interested in an increased presence of Greek investors in Romania. We hope that Romania’s constant economic growth in the last period, along with the opportunities it provides, will convince more entrepreneurs from Greece to see it as an attractive destination for their activities. At the same time, we encourage the Romanian companies to consider the investment opportunities in Greece.

Energy, as a key sector of common interest, has a strategic importance for the region, in order to achieve the diversification of gas supplies and increased security of supply. Together with our Greek partners, we share the view that energy security should be further strengthened, at both European and regional level. Gas interconectors between our states (including the Vertical Corridor and Greece-Bulgaria Gas Interconnector) are essential for the overall European energy security infrastructure and contributors to the implementation of the Energy Union.

“We are interested in an increased presence of Greek investors in Romania. We hope that Romania’s constant economic growth in the last period, along with the opportunities it provides, will convince more entrepreneurs from Greece to see it as an attractive destination for their activities. At the same time, we encourage the Romanian companies to consider the investment opportunities in Greece.”

GDL: Given the significance of tourism for both Romania and Greece, what steps are being taken to promote tourism exchanges between the two countries?

CIM: According to the bilateral Agreement concluded between Romania and Greece in 1993, our countries support closer cooperation between their official tourism bodies and mutual tourism promotion. Every year, around one million Romanian tourists enjoy Greece. The number of Greek tourists in Romania is smaller, so there is always potential to develop these exchanges. Personally, and together with my team, we will do our best to facilitate and further increase discovery and rediscovery of the rich touristic offer of our country.

On a European level, I think it is important to mention that Romania joined the Greek initiative on “Building a European Tourism Strategy for the period 2021-2027”, meant to channel the Member States efforts to implement National Recovery and Resilience Plans coherently, also in this area.

GDL: There is a significant Romanian community in Greece. How does the Romanian Embassy support the Romanian diaspora here and how do they contribute to the strengthening of bilateral ties?

CIM: In spite of its decrease in terms of numbers in recent years, the Romanian community in Greece is a very dynamic one. With a professional team at the consular section and with the support of the counsellor for labour and social affairs, of the network of three Honorary Consuls of Romania in Greece (based in Heraklion, Patra and Corfu) and of our Consulate General in Thessaloniki, we have managed, so far, to efficiently respond to the requests of Romanians living and working in Greece.

There is also a very close cooperation of the Embassy of Romania in Athens with all the Romanian associations active in Greece, and we strongly encourage them to (co-)organise a multitude of cultural events, as well as weekend schools of Romanian language and culture, geared especially for the youth within our community, and thus contributing to the preservation of their national identity, traditions and roots.

At the same time, our Embassy is privileged to benefit from a close relationship with the Hellenic Union of Romania, which represents the Greek national minority officially recognised by the Romanian State and has a representative in our Parliament, with whom I have a close cooperation. Therefore, I strongly believe that we should constantly encourage the collaboration and joint actions between the Romanian and Greek communities, as they are bridges between our countries.  

GDL: What are your hopes and plans for the future of Romania-Greece relations, what are the key challenges in the Romania-Greece relationship and how is the Embassy working to address them?

CIM: As both Romania and Greece face multidimensional regional challenges, I believe that the best answer to different crises is to double our efforts toward interconnectivity and this is an area that I am keen to work for, as a priority during my mandate. I believe that by working toward establishing more interconnections between us, we will be able to enjoy reduced energy prices, as we completely get rid of the energy coming from Russia, increase development, prosperity and competitivity.

We are also keen to increase our cooperation in international organisations as our countries share a strong support for the international rules-based order and the priority of International Law in international relations. This is even more relevant as we speak, as Greece has just taken over its two years mandate as non-permanent Member of the UN Security Council.

Interview by Nicolas Boutsicos
Editor, Greek Diplomatic Life